Health Care Behavior Study in Bangladesh-Knowledge, Attitude and Practice -3rd Part

71. Mean expense for the treatment of jaundice was notified as about Tk. 340 where minimum and maximum were notified as Tk. 200 and Tk. 500 respectively.

-This finding gives us idea about the management cost of Jaundice, and the management depends on the perceived etiologies by the respondents.

Average cost (in taka) in the treatment of jaundice
	Frequency		Valid Percent
200	24		6.90
250	24		6.90
300	168		48.28
350	36		10.34
400	36		10.34
500	60		17.24
Total	348		100.00

72. Among the interviewed respondents, about 75.9% respondents expressed that they were never keen to be treated with modern medicines for "mental retardation", whereas, only about 13.8% opted expressed their occasional keenness for modern treatment for mental retardation.

-Health care behaviors to particular disease depend largely on the perceived etiologies of the disease and this finding is a proof for that. Vast majority of the respondents perceive the etiologies of mental retardation as something related with legend, myth or local tales, so they rarely care about the modern managements.

Desired modern/scientific treatment for mental retardation
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Occasionally keen for modern treatment	48		13.79
Frequently keen for modern treatment	36		10.34
Never keen for modern treatment	264		75.86
Total	348		100.00

73. Among the interviewed respondents, about 74.4% opted for treatment outlets with religious or spiritual healers for the treatment of mental retardation, whereas, only about 3.5% described their choice in favor of government hospitals for the treatment for the same disease.

They opted for religious or spiritual healers as they perceive the etiologies of the mental retardation in the same line.

Desired outlet in treatment of mental retardation
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Government hospital	12		3.45
Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors	24		6.90
Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers	60		17.24
Religious/spiritual healers	252		72.41
Total	348		100.00

74. Mean expense for the treatment of mental retardation was notified as about Tk. 347 where minimum and maximum were notified as Tk. 100 and Tk. 500 respectively.

-Gives us a idea of the usual management cost of mental retardation which is dependent on the health care practice and that is also dependent on the perception of the etiologies underlying!

Average cost (in taka) in treatment of mental retardation
	Frequency		Valid Percent
100	24		6.90
150	24		6.90
200	36		10.34
250	24		6.90
300	72		20.69
400	24		6.90
450	36		10.34
500	108		31.03
Total	348		100.00

75. Among the interviewed respondents, about 79.3% stated that they were never keen for modern treatment in hysteria, whereas, only about 10.3% opted for modern treatment for the same disease!

Health care behaviors are dependent on the perception of the etiologies of the diseases.

Desired modern/scientific treatment for hysteria
	Frequency		Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Occasionally keen for modern treatment	36		10.34
Frequently keen for modern treatment	36		10.34
Never keen for modern treatment	276		79.31
Total	348		100.00

76. Among the interviewed respondents, about 72.4% described "religious or spiritual healers" as their chosen treatment outlet for hysteria, whereas, about 24.1% opted "quack/non-MBBS private doctors" as the outlet for the same disease treatment. Government hospital was chosen by about only 3.5% for the purpose.

-The have chosen their health care behaviors in response to the perceived etiologies.

Desired outlet in treatment of hysteria
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Government hospital	12		3.45
Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors	84		24.14
Religious/spiritual healers	252		72.41
Total	348		100.00

77. Mean expense for the treatment of hysteria was notified as about Tk. 248 where minimum and maximum were notified as Tk. 100 and Tk. 500 respectively.

Average cost (in taka) in treatment of hysteria for (1 round for all the diseases)
	Frequency		Valid Percent
100	72		20.69
150	36		10.34
200	72		20.69
250	12		3.45
300	96		27.59
400	24		6.90
500	36		10.34
Total	348		100.00

78. Among the interviewed respondents, about 82.8% were never keen for modern treatment for "madness". Only about 3.5% opted for "frequently keen treatment" for "madness". Health care behaviors are dependent on the perception of the etiologies of the diseases.

Desired modern/scientific in treatment for "madness"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Occasionally keen for modern treatment	48		13.79
Frequently keen for modern treatment	12		3.45
Never keen for modern treatment	288		82.76
Total	348		100.00

79. Among the interviewed respondents, about 65.5% opted "religious/spiritual healers" as the outlet for the treatment of "madness", whereas, only 3.5% opted "government hospitals" for the same. They have chosen their health care behaviors in response to the perceived etiologies.

Desired outlet in treatment of "madness"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Government hospital	12		3.45
Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers	108		31.03
Religious/spiritual healers	228		65.52
Total	348		100.00

80. Mean expense for the treatment of "madness" was notified as about Tk. 441 where minimum and maximum were notified as Tk. 150 and Tk. 600 respectively.

Average cost (in taka) in treatment of "madness"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
150	24		6.90
300	36		10.34
350	36		10.34
400	36		10.34
450	36		10.34
500	120		34.48
600	60		17.24
Total	348		100.00

81. Among the interviewed respondents, about 86.2% stated that they were never keen for modern treatment for "ban".

Desired modern/scientific treatment for "Ban"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Occasionally keen for modern treatment	48		13.79
Never keen for modern treatment	300		86.21
Total	348		100.00

82. Among the interviewed respondents, about 82.8% had their desired outlet as "religious/spiritual healers" for "ban", whereas, 6.9% relied on "homeopath/Kabiraji/ traditional healers".

Desired outlet in treatment in "Ban"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors	36		10.34
Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers	24		6.90
Religious/spiritual healers	288		82.76
Total	348		100.00

83. Mean expense for the treatment of "Ban" was notified as about Tk. 407 where minimum and maximum were notified as Tk. 100 and Tk. 700 respectively.

Average cost (in taka) in treatment for "Ban"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
100	24		6.90
200	36		10.34
300	48		13.79
400	96		27.59
500	108		31.03
700	36		10.34
Total	348		100.00

84. Among the interviewed respondents, about 89.7% respondents were never keen for modern treatment of "black magic" or "witch craft".

Desired modern/scientific treatment for "black magic" or "witchcraft"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Occasionally keen for modern treatment	36		10.34
Never keen for modern treatment	312		89.66
Total	348		100.00

85. Among the interviewed primary respondents, about 79.3% respondents opted for "religious/spiritual healers" as their treatment outlet, whereas, about 13.8% relied on "quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors" as treatment outlet for the described disease.

Desired outlet in treatment for "black magic" or "witchcraft"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors	48		13.79
Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers	24		6.90
Religious/spiritual healers	276		79.31
Total	348		100.00

86. Mean expense for the treatment of "black magic" or "witchcraft" was notified as about Tk. 428 where minimum and maximum was notified as Tk. 100 and Tk. 700respectively.

Average cost ( in taka) in treatment for "black magic" or "witchcraft"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
100	24		6.90
200	36		10.34
300	36		10.34
350	24		6.90
400	48		13.79
500	108		31.03
600	36		10.34
700	36		10.34
Total	348		100.00

87. Among the interviewed respondents, about 86.2% were not keen for modern treatment of "evil air".

Desired modern/scientific treatment for "evil air"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Occasionally keen for modern treatment	48		13.79
Never keen for modern treatment	300		86.21
Total	348		100.00

88. Among the interviewed respondents, about 82.8% opted for "religious/spiritual healers" s the desired outlet for the treatment of "evil air", whereas, only about 10.3% opted for "quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors" and nobody opted for government hospital for the same.

Desired outlet in treatment of "evil air"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors	36		10.34
Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers	24		6.90
Religious/spiritual healers	288		82.76
Total	348		100.00

89. Mean expense for the treatment of "evil air" was notified as about Tk. 238 where minimum and maximum was notified as Tk. 100and Tk. 400 respectively.

Average cost (in taka) in treatment of "evil air"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
100	72		20.69
200	72		20.69
250	72		20.69
300	96		27.59
400	36		10.34
Total	348		100.00

90. Among the interviewed respondents, about 89.7% were never keen for modern treatment for "fearfulness".

Desired modern/scientific treatment for "fearfulness"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Occasionally keen for modern treatment	36		10.34
Never keen for modern treatment	312		89.66
Total	348		100.00

91. Among the interviewed primary respondents, 87% opted for "religious/spiritual healers" as desired outlet for treatment of "fearfulness", whereas, about 13.8% opted for "quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors" as treatment outlet for the same disease.

Desired outlet in treatment of "fearfulness"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors	48		13.79
Religious/spiritual healers	300		86.21
Total	348		100.00

92. Mean expense for the treatment of "fearfulness" was notified as about Tk. 163 where minimum and maximum was notified as Tk. 60 and Tk. 300 respectively. From 80 -92, the respondents’ health care behaviors and the associated costs were dependent on the perceived etiologies and the knowledge on those diseases/health ailments. Health policy makers and the researchers should well aware in the contexts as the health care behaviors are always developing on the total knowledge of the population involved in the contexts of the diseases concerned.

Average cost (in taka) in treatment for "fearfulness"
	Frequency		Valid Percent
60	24		6.90
100	84		24.14
150	96		27.59
200	108		31.03
300	36		10.34
Total	348		100.00

93. Among the interviewed primary respondents, about 58.6% respondents described the above treatment costs as "not justified". A significant proportion (about 27.6%) responded as "don’t know"! Even the, the vast majority of the respondents informed that the associated costs of the managements of the mentioned diseases were not justified, although they planned their remedies within their capacities as it usually happens!

Whether the costs of these treatments is justified perceived by the respondents
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Justified	48		13.79
Not justified	204		58.62
Don't know	96		27.59
Total	348		100.00

94. Mean transport cost of the patient to nearest hospital was notified as about Tk. 44 where minimum and maximum was notified as Tk. 30 and Tk. 60 respectively. This the transport cost according to the respondents.

Transport cost to nearest hospital in taka
	Frequency		Valid Percent
30	84		24.14
40	108		31.03
45	24		6.90
50	60		17.24
60	72		20.69
Total	348		100.00

95. Among the interviewed respondents, about 58.6% informed of their minimal required time for transferring the patient to nearest hospital as less than 3 hours, whereas about 34.5% informed that as more than 3 hours. We put 3 hours as the crucial time length as the emergency like appendicitis, labor, and intestinal obstruction etc. this time can be delayed since the inception of the signs/syndromes without great loss. Here we found most of the respondents informed they could transfer the patients to the facilities within the time limit,. But another considerable proportion couldn’t do that.

Minimal time required to transfer the pts. to the nearest hospital
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Less than a hour	24		6.90
Less than 3 hours	204		58.62
More than 3 hours	120		34.48
Total	348		100.00

96. Among the interviewed respondents, about 62% thought that "health problems" and diseases are not same (if not same, then there were scopes for trying remedy otherwise than the treatment! i.e. disease: more grave condition, problem: less grave condition, so for the less grave condition, they can call traditional or spiritual healers for low costs mainly).

-This is a most important issue as some times the people just neglect their duties to transfer the patients to the service facilities as they think or try to think some of the health ailments are not the diseases, thus not much injurious to the health!

Whether "health problems" and diseases are same
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Same	132		37.93
Not same	216		62.07
Total	348		100.00

97. Among the interviewed respondents, 93.1% respondents thought that the Government doctors were "not enough dutiful and sincere" with the patients.

Almost all the respondents expressed their dissatisfactions about the Government doctors as they were not enough dutiful and sincere!

Whether the GOB doctors are enough dutiful and sincere to the patients
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Enough sympathized/dutiful	24		6.90
Not dutiful and sincere	324		93.10
Total	348		100.00

98. Among the interviewed respondents, about 58.6% perceived the "treatment environments in the GOB hospitals" as "not good", whereas, about 27.6% responded as "don’t know".

-Reflecting the environments of the Government hospitals which is capable of modifying the health acre behaviors of the population of the catchments areas.

Professional environments in the GOB hospitals
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Treatment environment is good	48		13.79
Treatment environment is not good	204		58.62
Don't know	96		27.59
Total	348		100.00

99. Among the interviewed respondents, about 75.9% thought that GoB (Government of Bangladesh) doctors "don’t listen/counsel well the patients" coming for treatment to the government hospitals. Again, about 10.3% thought that the GoB doctors "listen and counsel well the patients" when they were paid with money! (Taking money is out of rule for the doctors in Government hospitals and this response showed the situation in the Government hospital!)

-Here again we find the interesting information as previously when the vast majority of the respondents informed that the Government doctors were not listening/counseling well the patients and a relatively lower proportion informed that those doctors were listening and counseling well when paid extra by the patients! So, how this could affect health care behaviors of people? There were variable degrees of possibilities as follows:

As the Government doctors "listen and counsel well" if paid, the people will develop the health care behavior to go to Government doctors if get that amount of money with them.

They could develop the health care behavior to go to the Government doctors, if the degree of sickness is grave and there were no other alternatives

iii) They could go to the other cheaper service providers if not have sufficient money for the fee of the Government doctors

iv) In extreme case, they might neglect the treatment procedures of the disease as it could cost high.

Above are the different variations of the health acre behaviors which can be developed in response to the mentioned situations.

Whether Gob doctors usually listen and counsel well the patients
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Don't listen/counsel well the pt.	264		75.86
Listen/counsel well the pt.	24		6.90
Listen/counsel well the pt. with money	36		10.34
Others	24		6.90
Total	348		100.00

100. Among the interviewed respondents, about 65.5% respondents admitted that the diseased person were experiencing abusing for disease, whereas, 6.9% don’t know anything regarding the issue.

-In the rural agragarian society, man-days lost for the disease is a financial loss of the family for the male adults, so they are usually abused. Females are also abused if diseased as they are not i) capable of bearing their household responsibilities ii) financial loss related with the treatment for their diseases if any!

Here we see, vast majority of the respondents agree that the patients are abused or blamed for being diseased!

Whether diseased person to experience abusing for disease
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Yes	228		65.52
No	96		27.59
Don't know	24		6.90
Total	348		100.00

101. Among the interviewed respondents, who admitted as above, about 47.6% thought it was "because of the expenses of treatment", whereas, about 14.2% described the causes as "because of interruption in income earning/study".

-As it was mentioned earlier, main trouble is the financial loss due to the disease, either through inability to earn income through work or by the spending for the treatment for the disease.

Cause of experiencing abusing by the diseased person
	Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
Because of the expenses of treatment	120	34.48	47.62
Because of the trouble for the family for disease	36	10.34	14.29
Because of interruption in income earning	36	10.34	14.29
Because disease would hamper health of pt.	36	10.34	14.29
Don't know	24	6.90	9.52
Total	252	72.41	100.00
System	96	27.59
Total	348	100.00

102. Among the interviewed respondents, about 65.5% respondents thought that the family could decline to treat its patients even having capacity for that. This reflects the negligence for the disease.

Whether a family declines to treat her patient even having capacity
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Sometimes declines to treat	228		65.52
Never declines to treat	96		27.59
Don't know	24		6.90
Total	348		100.00

103. Among the interviewed respondents, who admitted the above, about 50.6% thought the cause as "for expenses of treatment", whereas, about 26.3% thought the cause as "lack of awareness/failure to perceive importance. The causes for negligence were revealed by the respondents which affect the health care behaviors.

Causes of declining to treat her pt. even have capacity
	Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
For expenses of treatment	120	34.48	52.63
Lack of awareness/failure to perceive importance	60	17.24	26.32
Lack of knowledge	36	10.34	15.79
Social/cultural/religious conservation	12	3.45	5.26
Total	228	65.52	100.00
System	120	34.48
Total	348	100.00

104. Among the interviewed respondents, about 17.2% thought that they had "mental patient" within the family. Usually the rural people define "mental patients" through various definitions and the range is very wide. According to them, some of them talk incoherent, some of them do something incoherent and some of them do some thing that is not expected etc. Through their perceived definitions, they informed of the presence of the "mental patients’ in their families and the proportion is not very little! Unfortunately, knowledge of "mental" or psychological diseases is rarest in the rural Bangladesh, even rare in the urban educated societies which cause great difficulties to identify and treat the patients!

Whether have any mental pt. in family
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Psychological pt. present	60		17.24
Psychological pt. not present	288		82.76
Total	348		100.00

105. Among the interviewed respondents, who thought of having "mental patient" within the family, nobody could tell the exact prevailing disease (didn’t know what is exactly the disease was!).

-This is due to their complete lack of knowledge in the context what we already mentioned. Development or positive changes in the health care behavior are dependent mostly on the correct and modern knowledge of the described population.

Prevailing psychological problem of the patients among the family having mental patients
	Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
Don't know	60	17.24	100.00
System	288	82.76
	348	100.00

106 Among the interviewed respondents, who thought of having "mental patient" in the family, 40% were treated with any means.

-This finding shows that most of the respondents who informed of having ‘mental patients’ in the family didn’t treat their patients. Only a portion tried the treatment but that is again dependent on the various factors like their perceptions of the etiologies, financial capabilities and the availabilities of the proper management etc.

Whether treated for the psychological problem
	Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
Yes	24	6.90	40.00
No	36	10.34	60.00
Total	60	17.24	100.00
System	288	82.76
	348	100.00

108. Among the interviewed respondents,, 89.7% opted for "religious/spiritual healers" as the outlet for the treatment of "mental patients", whereas, 65.5% voted for "quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors" as the chosen outlet for the purpose. However, the government hospitals accounted for 62.1%.

-As it was mentioned earlier, their choice of treatment depended on the determining factors which were stated in paragraph no. 106.

Outlets of treating psychological pt.

Pct of Pct of

Category label Count Responses Cases

Government hospital 216 21.2 62.1

Private M.B.B.S. doctors 60 5.9 17.2

Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors 228 22.4 65.5

Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers 204 20.0 58.6

Religious/spiritual healers 312 30.6 89.7

Total responses 1020 100.0 293.1

109. Among the interviewed respondents, about 51.7% described the cause for the above choice as "psychological diseases can’t heal by modern treatment" whereas, about 37.9% described that as "that healers were good for mental diseases"!

-This response is the reflection of their perceptions on the "mental patients" as it was mentioned in the earlier discussions including their perceptions on the etiologies and the remedies of the disease.

Reasons for treating psychological pt. in the outlet
	Frequency		Valid Percent
This healers good for psychological diseases	132		37.93
Psychological diseases can’t heal by modern treatment	180		51.72
Others/less expensive	36		10.34
Total	348		100.00

110. Among the interviewed respondents, about 86.2% thought that the psychological diseases could not be cured fully, even with proper treatment! This the reflection of their perceptions of the psychological health ailment.

Whether psychological diseases can be totally cured with proper treatment
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Psychological diseases can be cured	48		13.79
Can not be cured	300		86.21
Total	348		100.00

111. Among the interviewed respondents, 89.7% thought "possession by supernatural evil forces" as the etiology of "madness", whereas, 65.5% thought that as "black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worship". Curiously interesting that "mental shock" contributed for 10.3%, goddess Kali for a considerable proportion of 44.8% and "fed unconventional meat/drinks (kite/vulture)" for massive 44.8%.

-Respondents’ perceptions on the etiologies of "madness" are found in this response and all of them are found related with traditional myths, tales or local legends in the rural Bangladesh.

Etiology of "madness"

Pct of Pct of

Category label Count Responses Cases

Possession by supernatural evil forces 312 29.9 89.7

Black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worshi 228 21.8 65.5

Caught by "bad" wind containing "evil" pow 156 14.9 44.8

Fed unconventional food/drinks i.e. kite 156 14.9 44.8

Mental shock 36 3.4 10.3

Through worship of goddess Kali (Kalisad 156 14.9 44.8

------- ----- -----

Total responses 1044 100.0 300.0

112 Among the interviewed respondents, 82.8% thought "possession by supernatural evil forces" as the etiology of hysteria, whereas, 58.6% that for "black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worship". "Mental shock" contributed for 6.9% and goddess Kali for 24.1%. "Bad wind" scored 69% for the disease!

-Respondents’ perceptions on the etiologies of "hysteria"!

Etiology of "hysteria" or fit

Pct of Pct of

Category label Count Responses Cases

Possession by supernatural evil forces’ 288 32.0 82.8

Black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worshi 204 22.7 58.6

Caught by "bad" wind containing "evil"pow 240 26.7 69.0

Fed unconventional food/drinks i.e. kite 12 1.3 3.4

Mental shock 24 2.7 6.9

Through worship of goddess Kali (Kalisad 84 9.3 24.1

Don't know 48 5.3 13.8

------- ----- -----

Total responses 900 100.0 258.6

113. Among the interviewed respondents, 58.6% admitted their lack of knowledge regarding etiology of "non-responsiveness", whereas, 41.4% thought the etiology of the disease as "possession by supernatural evil forces". "Bad wind", unconventional meat and "mental shock" contributed for 34.5%, 34.5% and 6.9% respectively.

-Respondents’ perceptions on the etiologies of "non-responsiveness"!

Etiology of "non-responsiveness"

Pct of Pct of

Category label Count Responses Cases

Possession by supernatural evil forces’ 144 22.6 41.4

Black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worshi 24 3.8 6.9

Caught by "bad" wind containing "evil' pow 120 18.9 34.5

Fed unconventional food/drinks i.e. kite 120 18.9 34.5

Mental shock 24 3.8 6.9

Don't know 204 32.1 58.6

------- ----- -----

Total responses 636 100.0 182.8

114. Among the interviewed respondents, 69% thought "possession by supernatural evil forces’ and 65.5% "mental shock" as the etiology of "mental depression"! " Black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worship" contributed another 37.9% and goddess Kali for 17.2%. However, 27.6% didn’t know anything regarding the etiology of "mental depression"!

-Respondents’ perceptions on the etiologies of "mental depression", which are dominated by traditional superstitions, local myths, tales and legends!

Etiology of "mental depression"

Pct of Pct of

Category label Count Responses Cases

Possession by supernatural evil forces 240 29.0 69.0

Black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worship 132 15.9 37.9

Caught by "bad" wind containing "evil' pow 36 4.3 10.3

Fed unconventional food/drinks i.e. kite 36 4.3 10.3

Mental shock 228 27.5 65.5

Through worship of goddess Kali (Kalisad 60 7.2 17.2

Don't know 96 11.6 27.6

------- ----- -----

Total responses 828 100.0 237.9

115. Among the interviewed respondents, 75.9% confirmed "possession by supernatural evil forces" as the etiology of "agile’ or "khyapa", whereas, 65.5% thought that was caused by unconventional meat. "Black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worship" and goddess Kali contributed for 44.8% and 31% respectively as the etiology for the disease.

-Respondents’ perceptions on the etiologies of "agile’ or "khyapa" which affects their health care behaviors in the context!

Etiology of "agile"

Pct of Pct of

Category label Count Responses Cases

Possession by supernatural evil forces 264 29.3 75.9

Black magic/ban/witch craft/devil worship 156 17.3 44.8

Caught by "bad" wind containing "evil" pow 48 5.3 13.8

Fed unconventional food/drinks i.e. kite 228 25.3 65.5

Others 24 2.7 6.9

Through worship of goddess Kali (Kalisad 108 12.0 31.0

Don't know 72 8.0 20.7

------- ----- -----

Total responses 900 100.0 258.6

116. Among the interviewed respondents, each 93.1% described their outlet for RTI/STD treatment as "homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers" and 82.2% each for "religious/spiritual healers" and for quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors for the purpose. Only 41.4% opted for government hospitals for their treatment of RTI/STD.

-This is due to their perceptions on the etiologies of STD/RTI. Fortunately a vast majority is also talking about quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors for their treatment outlets thus indicated that they were aware of the benefits of the modern management whatever could be achieved from the quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors. For example, prochlorperazine (Tablet Largectil) is capable of bringing dramatic remedy in some psychological health ailment and is a very simple drug known by most of the quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors. So, if they use that, even without any very accurate diagnosis to a patient with incoherent talks, deeds and agility, dramatic symptomatic remedy will be achieved then and there!)

Usual treatment source for RTI/STD

Pct of Pct of

Category label Count Responses Cases

Government hospital 144 13.8 41.4

Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors 288 27.6 82.8

Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers 324 31.0 93.1

Religious/spiritual healers 288 27.6 82.8

------- ----- -----

Total responses 1044 100.0 300.0

117. Among the interviewed respondents, about 82.8% thought that somebody didn’t take treatment for RTI/STD as because that could be healed spontaneously, whereas, another about 17.2% thought that actually they had been treated through somebody else who contacted doctors/healers on behalf.

-These health care behaviors are derived from the perceived feelings of "guilt" and stigma of the patients with STD/RTI and that is again predisposed through the perceived etiologies of the mentioned diseases!

Why somebody doesn't take STD/RTI treatment
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Heals spontaneously	288		82.76
Somebody else went to doctor on behalf	60		17.24
Total	348		100.00

118. Among the interviewed respondents, about 65.5% had patients (of any disease) in the family (Point Prevalence of Disease).

-Gives idea about the prevalence of any disease in the households in the study population. Point prevalence of disease is an important indicator and reflects the health status of a population.

Presently any pt. in the family
	Frequency		Valid Percent
Presently have pt.	228		65.52
Presently no pt.	120		34.48
Total	348		100.00

119. Among the interviewed respondents, who had patient in the family, 21%, 15.8%, and t 26.3% had diarrhoea, jaundice, and respiratory tract infection respectively as prevalent diseases.

-This finding showed the prevalence of the individual diseases and the finding in almost coherent with other the findings of the other research studies. i.e. respiratory tract infection in the top, then diarrohea and then other diseases.

Present disease in the family
	Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
Diarrhea	48	13.79	21.05
Respiratory tract infection/pneumonia	60	17.24	26.32
RTI/STD	36	10.34	15.79
Abortion	12	3.45	5.26
Jaundice	36	10.34	15.79
Hysteria	12	3.45	5.26
Ban	12	3.45	5.26
Black magic/devil worship	12	3.45	5.26
Total	228	65.52	100.00
System	120	34.48
	348	100.00

120. About 52.6% respondents informed of their duration of sickness more than a week, whereas 10.5% had the duration of sickness as more than 15 days.

-Gives an idea about the average duration of their sicknesses regardless the disease.

Duration of sickness

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
Valid	Less than 3 days	48	13.8	21.1
	Less than a week	36	10.3	15.8
	More than a week	120	34.5	52.6
	More than 15 days	24	6.9	10.5
	Total	228	65.5	100.0
Missing	System	120	34.5
Total		348	100.0

121. About 84.2% respondents who suffered from any disease informed that they were treated for the mentioned diseases.

-Reflects the idea about the proportion of the population who treats their household patients described in the paragraph 117.

Whether treated

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
Valid	Treated	192	55.2	84.2
	Not treated	36	10.3	15.8
	Total	228	65.5	100.0
Missing	System	120	34.5
Total		348	100.0

122. About 43.8% respondents informed of their treatment through "Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors", whereas 25% respondents did that through "Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers".

-Vast majority of the respondents treated their household patients by comparatively modern Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors than the Homeopath or traditional healers.

Where treated

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
Valid	Government hospital	24	6.9	12.5
	Quack/non-M.B.B.S. private doctors	84	24.1	43.8
	Homeopath/Kabiraji/traditional healers	48	13.8	25.0
	Religious/spiritual healers	36	10.3	18.8
	Total	192	55.2	100.0
Missing	System	156	44.8
Total		348	100.0

123. About 75% respondents those were not treated correctly (as checked by the qualified doctors)

-However, when the researcher compared the mentioned treatments with the most modern MBBS doctor level treatment, about 75% management was unveiled as sub-standard management procedures!

Whether correctly treated

		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent
Valid	Treated correctly	48	13.8	25.0
	Not treated correctly	144	41.4	75.0
	Total	192	55.2	100.0
Missing	System	156	44.8
Total		348	100.0